Sample Thesis

A Sample Thesis Wit h a Subt it le by Micha elM cNeil Fo rb es B. Sc. , The Univer s ity of Br itis h Co lumbia , 19 99 M. Sc. , The Univer s ity of Br itis h Co lumbia , 20 01 SUBMITTE D TO THE DE PARTME NT OF P HYSICS AND ASTRO NO MY IN PARTIAL FULFILLME NT OF THE RE Q UIRE ME NTS FO R THE DE GRE E OF MAST E R O F SCIE NCE AT THE MASSACHUSE TTS INSTITUTE OF TE CHNO LO GY cMicha elM cNeil Fo rb es, 20 00. All r ig hts r eser ved. The a utho r her eby gr a nts to MIT p er mis sio n to r epr o duce a nd to distr ibute publicly pa p er a nd electr o nic copies of this thesis do cument in whole or in par t. Sig na ture of Autho r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Depa r tment of P hysics a nd Astr o no my June 2 0 04 Ce r ti? e d by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Fr a nk Wilczek Her ma n Feshba ch Pr o fess or of P hysics Thesis Sup ervisor Accepted by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Tho ma s Gr eytak P ro fessor a nd Asso cia te Depa r tment Head fo r E duca tion 2 In pr esenting this thes is in pa r tia l ful? llment of the r equir ements fo r an a d- va nced deg r ee at the Univer sity of Br itish Co lumbia,I ag r ee tha t the L ibrary sha ll ma ke it fr eely ava ila ble fo r r efer ence a nd study. I further ag r ee tha t p er mis- sio n f o r extensive co pying of this thesis fo r scho la r ly pur p oses may be gr a nted by the hea d of my depa r tment or by his or her r epr es enta tives. It is under s to od tha t co pying or publica tio n of this thesis fo r ? a ncia l ga in sha ll no t be a llowed witho ut my wr itten p er missio n. (Sig na ture) Depa r tment of P hysics a nd Astr o no my Ma ssa chusetts Institute of Techno lo gy Ca mbr idg e, Ma ssa chusetts, USA Da te A Sample Thesis Wit h a Subt it le by Micha elM cNeil Fo rb es Submitted to the Depa r tment of P hysics a nd Astr o no my o n Ja nua ry 5, 20 10 , in pa r tia l ful? llment of the r equir ements fo r the deg r ee of Ma s ter of Science A b stract The ge nt he si s. cls L ATEX class ? le a nd accompanying do cuments, such as this sa mple thesis, ar e distr ibuted in the ho p e tha t it will be useful but witho ut a ny a rr a nty (witho ut even the implied wa rr a nty of ? tness fo r a pa r ticula r pur p ose). Fo r a descr iptio n of this ? le†™s pur p ose, a nd instr uctio ns on its use, see b elow. These ? les ar e dis tr ibuted under the GP L which s ho uld be included her e in the futur e. P lea se let the a utho r know ofa ny cha ng es or impr ovements that sho uld b e ma de. Micha el Fo rb es. mfo rb [email  protected] a lum. mit. edu Thesis Sup ervisor:Fr a nk Wilczek Title: Her ma n Fes hba ch Pr o fess or of P hys ics 4 C h ap ter1 Tabl e of C ontents Abs tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Tabl e of Contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2 List of Tabl es †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 3 Li st of Fi g ures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 4 Pre face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 Acknowl e dg em e nts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6 Po em . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 I Thesis 11 7 Thi s is a Chapter †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 7. 1 A Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7. 1 . 1 This is a Subsection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8 Another Chapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8. 1 Ano ther Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 9 Landscap e Mo de †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 B i bl i o g raphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 A pp endices A First App endix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 5 C h ap ter2 L is t of Tabl es 5. 1 Po tentia l so ur ces of info r ma tio n r eg ar ding thesis pr epa ra tio n at MI T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7. 1 Here is the ca ptio n fo r this wo nder ful ta ble. Text of Ca ptio n.. . 13 6 C h ap ter 3 L is t of Fi gures 8. 1 Ha ppy Face:? g ur e exa mple†¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7 C h ap ter4 P r efa ce These pa p er s have b een publis hed ea r lier . . .. 8 C h ap ter5 Ack now l edgem ents Tha nk yo u mo ther her e. 9 Di scl ai m er The mi tt h es is L ATEX cla ss a nd the a cco mpa nying sa mple ? les are un o? cial a nd are not supp orted by the Massa chusetts Institute of Technolog y. WhileI have a ttempted to ma ke the style ? le a nd sa mple ? les co nfo rm to a llof the r equir ements set fo r th by the libr ar y,yo u sho uld a lways co nsult o ne ofthe library sta ? memb ers fo r assista nce with pro blems efore s tar ting ? naldr a ft. Yo u sho uld be a ble to ? nd the thesis r equir ements at o ne of the fo llowing sites: h t t p : / /l i b ra r i es . mi t. ed u /a rc h iv es / th es is – sp ec s/ h t t p : / /l i b ra r i es . mi t. ed u /a rc h iv es / in de x. h tml Ta ble 5 . 1:Po tentialso ur ces ofinfo r ma tio n r eg ar ding thesis pr epa ra tio n at MI T. 10 C h ap ter6 A Japanes e I ntro ducti on This is a s ma ll p o em, a little p o em, a Ha iku, to show you how to. —Micha el Forb es. This sma ll p o em shows sever al fea tur es: †¢The ew pa ge co mma nd ha s b een used to fo rce a pa ge br ea k. The pa g estyle ha s b een set to suppr ess the hea der s using the co mma nd th is pa ge s tyle {pla in} . No te tha t using p ag es ty le {p l a in} wo uld have a ? ected a ll of the s ubs equent pa g es. †¢The c ha pt er [P oe m] {A Ja pa ne se In tr od uc ti on} command hasbe en used with an o ptio na l ar g ument to g ener a te a title a nd to list this â€Å" cha p- ter† in the table of contents as â€Å"Po em†. If o ne did no t desir e to have an entr y in the ta ble of co ntents,then o ne wo uld just use the starr ed co m- ma nd ch ap t er *{} . The use of an o ptio nala r g ument is us efulfo r lo ng hapter a nd section titles that take up to o much space in the table of c o nte nts. †¢All of this ha s b een do ne before the m ai nm at ter comma nd ha s b een issued to delay nor mal Ara bic numb ering. Thus , this p o em w ill b e num- b ered with lowercase Roman numerals as part of the fro nt matter. 11 Pa r tI T hes is 12 C h ap ter7 T hi s is a Chapter 7. 1 A S ec tion Her e is a sectio n with so me text. Equations lo ok like this y=x. This is an exa mple of a seco nd pa ra gr a ph in a sectio n so yo u ca n see how much it is indente d by. 7. 1. 1 This is a Subsec t ion Her e is an exa mple of a cita tio n:[1]. The a ctualfo rm of the cita tio n is g ov- er ned by the biblio gr a phys tyle. These cita tio ns ar e ma intained in a BIBTeX ? le s am pl e. bib . Yo u co uld typ e these dir ectly into the ? le. Fo r an exa mple o f the format to use lo ok at the ? le mi ts am pl e. bbl a fter yo u co mpile this ? le. This is an exa mple of a seco nd pa ra gr a ph in a s ubsectio n so yo u ca n see how much it is indente d by. Thi s is a Subsubse cti on Her e ar e so me mo re cita tio ns [2 , 3, 4]. If yo u use the na tb ib packa ge with the s or t& co mp re ss optio n,then the fo llowing cita tio n willlo ok the same as the rst cita tio n in this sectio n:[2, 3, 4]. This is an exa mple of a seco nd pa ra gr a ph in a s ubsubsectio n so yo u ca n see how much it is indente d by. Thi s is a Paragraph Pa ra gr a phs a nd s ubpa ra gr a phs ar e the s ma lles t units o f tex t. Ther e is no s ubs ubs ubs ectio n etc. Thi s is a Subparagraph This is the la st level of or ga nisa tio n. If yo u need m o re tha n this, yo u s ho uld co nsider r eo rg a nizing yo ur wo r k. .. f(x)= x e? y2 2dy e ?z 2dz(7 . 1) In order to show you what a separate page would lo ok like (i. e. witho uta cha pter hea ding ) I must typ e so me mo re text. T hus I willba bble a bit a nd keep ba bbling fo r at lea st o ne mo re pa g e. . . Wha t yo u sho uld notice is that the cha pter titles a pp ea r substa ntia lly lower tha n the co ntinuing text. Ba bble babble babble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble 7. 1. A Sec tion 13 P ho enix $ 9 60 . 35 C a lg a ry$ 2 50 . 00 Ta ble 7 . 1:Here is the ca ptio n fo r this wo nder ful ta ble. Text of Ca ption babble babble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble babble babble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble a bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble. Ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble babble babble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble babble babble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble babble babble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble b a bble babble babble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble babble babble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble abble babble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble babble babble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble babble babble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble babble babble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble babble babble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble ba bble. 14 C h ap ter8 Another C ha pter w i tha Ver y L ong C hapter -name that wi ll P robabl y C ause P robl ems This chapter name is very long and do es not display prop erly in the running ea ders or in the ta ble ofco ntents. To de alwith this, we pr ovide a sho r ter ver sio n of the title as the o ptio na l ar g ument to the c ha pt er [] {} co mma nd. 8 . 1 An oth er S ection Another bunch of text to demonstra te what this ? le do es. You mig ht wa nta list fo r exa mple: †¢An item in a lis t. †¢Ano ther item in a lis t. An Unnumb ered Section That is Not Included in th e Table of Contents He r e is a n ex a mple ofa ? g ur e envir o nment. Per ha ps I sho uld say tha t the exa mple of a ? g ur e ca n be seen in Fig ur e 8 . 1. Fig ur e pla cement ca n be tr icky withLATEX b ecause ? ur es and ta bles ar e tr ea ted as â€Å"? o ats†:te x t ca n ? ow a ro und them, but if ther e is no t eno ug h spa ce, they will a pp ear la ter. To pr event ?gures from going to o far, the a fter page {cle ar pa ge} co mma nd ca n b e used. This makes sure that the ? gure a pp ears on the following page. (Witho ut the af te rp ag e{} command, the page would be bro ken to o ear ly. Fo r mo re deta iled co ntr o l, co ns ider us ing the he re pa ckag e. Figures can make a do cument more enjoyable as demonstra ted by Figure 8 . 1. 8. 1. Ano ther Section 15 ?ma kes me ha ppy! Fig ure 8. 1:This is a ? ure of a ha ppy fa ce witha ps fr ag r epla cement. The o r ig ina l ? g ur e (dr awn in x? g a nd exp or ted to a . eps ? le) ha s the text â€Å" pie ma kes me ha ppy! †. Theps fr ag pa ckage r eplaces this withâ€Å" ?ma kes me ha ppy! †. No te tha t we have used the o ptio na l ar g ument fo r the ca ptio n co mmand so tha t o nly a sho rt versio n of this ca ptio n o ccur s in the list of ? g ur es. 8. 1. Ano ther Section 16 An Unnumb ered Subsection Note tha t ifyo u use subsectio ns or fur ther divisio ns under an unnumb er ed sectio n, then yo u sho uld ma ke them unnumb er ed as well o ther wise yo u will end p with zeros in the section numb ering. 17 C h ap ter9 Landscap e Mo de The landscap e mo de a llows you to rotate a page thro ugh 90 degrees. It is genera lly no t a go od idea to ma ke the cha pter heading la ndscap e, but it ca n be useful fo r lo ng ta bles etc. This text should appea r rotated, allowing for formatting of very wide tables etc. Note that this might only wo convert the dvi ? le to a postscript (ps) or pdf ? le using dvi ps or dvi pdf etc. 19 Bi bl i ogr aphy [1] Micha el McNeil Fo rb es a nd Ar iel R. Zhitnitsky. Da rk a ntima tter as a ga la ctic he a ter:X-r ays fr om the co re of o ur ga la xy. J CAP, 08 01:0 23, 2 00 8. [2] L. D. La nda u and E. M. Lifs hitz. Qu an tu m Mechan ics:Non -relat ivist ic theory , vo lume 3 of Cou rse of Theoret icalPhys ics . Per ga mo n Pr ess, O xfo r d; New Yo r k, thir d editio n, 19 89 , c1 97 7. [3] R. D. Peccei. Sp ecial topics:The s tr o ng CP pr o blem. In C. Ja r lsko g, edito r, CP violat ion . Wo r ld Scienti? c, Sing ap or e, Ja nua ry 19 89. [4] M. S. Tur ner. Da rk ma tter,da rk ener gy a nd funda mentalphy s ics. a str o- ph/9912211, Decemb er 1999. 20 Ap p end ixA First App endix Here you can have your a pp endices.